|
Open science data is a type of open data focused on publishing observations and results of scientific activities available for anyone to analyze and reuse. While the ''idea'' of open science data has been actively promoted since the 1950s, the rise of the Internet has significantly lowered the cost and time required to publish or obtain data. ==History== The concept of open access to scientific data was institutionally established with the formation of the World Data Center system, in preparation for the International Geophysical Year of 1957-1958. The International Council of Scientific Unions (now the International Council for Science) established several World Data Centers to minimize the risk of data loss and to maximize data accessibility, further recommending in 1955 that data be made available in machine-readable form. In 1995 GCDIS (US) put its position clearly in ''On the Full and Open Exchange of Scientific Data'' (A publication of the Committee on Geophysical and Environmental Data - National Research Council): ::''"The Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and biosphere form an integrated system that transcends national boundaries. To understand the elements of the system, the way they interact, and how they have changed with time, it is necessary to collect and analyze environmental data from all parts of the world. Studies of the global environment require international collaboration for many reasons:'' :: *''to address global issues, it is essential to have global data sets and products derived from these data sets;'' :: *''it is more efficient and cost-effective for each nation to share its data and information than to collect everything it needs independently; and'' :: *''the implementation of effective policies addressing issues of the global environment requires the involvement from the outset of nearly all nations of the world.'' ::''International programs for global change research and environmental monitoring crucially depend on the principle of full and open data exchange (i.e., data and information are made available without restriction, on a non-discriminatory basis, for no more than the cost of reproduction and distribution)."''〔(On the Full and Open Exchange of Scientific Data (1995) National Research Council, Washington, DC )〕 The last phrase highlights the traditional cost of disseminating information by print and post. It is the removal of this cost through the Internet which has made data vastly easier to disseminate technically. It is correspondingly cheaper to create, sell and control many data resources and this has led to the current concerns over non-open data. More recent uses of the term include: * SAFARI 2000 (South Africa, 2001) used a license informed by ICSU and NASA policies 〔http://mercury.ornl.gov/safari2k/s2kpolicy.pdf 〕 * the human genome 〔(【引用サイトリンク】author=Bruce Stewart )〕 (Kent, 2002) * An Open Data Consortium on geospatial data 〔(Open Data Consortium ca. 2003 )〕 (2003) * Manifesto for Open Chemistry 〔(Peter Murray-Rust, Henry Rzepa 2004 )〕 (Murray-Rust and Rzepa, 2004) (2004) * Presentations to JISC and OAI under the title "open data" 〔("Open Data" at CERN Workshop on Innovations in Scholarly Communication (OAI4) Peter Murray-Rust, 2005 )〕 (Murray-Rust, 2005) * Science Commons launch 〔(Report on Science Commons Dec 2004 )〕 (2004) * First Open Knowledge Forums (London, UK) run by the Open Knowledge Foundation (London UK) on open data in relation to civic information and geodata 〔(Open Knowledge Forums )〕 (February and April 2005) * The Blue Obelisk group in chemistry (mantra: Open Data, Open Source, Open Standards) (2005) * The Petition for Open Data in Crystallography is launched by the Crystallography Open Database Advisory Board.〔http://www.crystallography.net/〕(2005) * XML Conference & Exposition 2005 〔(Semantic Web Data Integration with hCalendar and GRDDL; Dan Connolly | From Syntax to Semantics (XML 2005) Atlanta, GA, USA )〕 (Connolly 2005) * SPARC Open Data mailing list 〔(SPARC Open Data Mailing list )〕 (2005) * First draft of the Open Knowledge Definition explicitly references "Open Data" 〔()〕 (2005) * XTech 〔(XTech 2005 )〕 (Dumbill, 2005),〔(Tim Bray and Tim O'Reilly )〕 (Bray and O'Reilly 2006) In 2004, the Science Ministers of all nations of the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), which includes most developed countries of the world, signed a declaration which essentially states that all publicly funded archive data should be made publicly available.〔(OECD Declaration on Open Access to publicly funded data ) 〕 Following a request and an intense discussion with data-producing institutions in member states, the OECD published in 2007 the ''OECD Principles and Guidelines for Access to Research Data from Public Funding'' as a ''soft-law'' recommendation.〔(OECD Principles and Guidelines for Access to Research Data from Public Funding )〕 In 2005 Edd Dumbill introduced an "Open Data" theme in XTech, including: * Open government. * Public web services. * Grassroots data. * Scientific and academic publishing. * Intellectual property. * Blogging and personal content. * Semantic Web. In 2006 Science Commons 〔(Science Commons in Washington 2006 )〕 ran a 2-day conference in Washington where the primary topic could be described as Open Data. It was reported that the amount of micro-protection of data (e.g. by license) in areas such as biotechnology was creating a Tragedy of the anticommons. In this the costs of obtaining licenses from a large number of owners made it uneconomic to do research in the area. In 2007 SPARC and Science Commons announced a consolidation and enhancement of their author addenda 〔(SPARC-OAF forum )〕 In 2010 the Panton Principles launched,〔(Launch of the Panton Principles for Open Data in Science and ‘Is It Open Data?’ Web Service )〕 advocating Open Data in science and setting out for principles to which providers must comply to have their data Open. In 2011 (LinkedScience.org ) was launched to realize the approach of the Linked Open Science to openly share and interconnect scientific assets like datasets, methods, tools and vocabularies. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Open science data」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|